8 interview questions when applying to a call center -The JobNetwork

8 inquiries addresses when applying to a call place - The JobNetwork Regardless of whether they take requests or offer client care, call focuses are for the most part genuinely comparable. So there are various normal inquiries you can hope to be posed to while meeting for a call community work. Here are 8 to foresee, alongside certain recommendations for how to answer them. 1. â€Å"Can you educate me regarding yourself?†How to Answer It: Emphasize your relationship building abilities, since call focus work includes conversing with individuals throughout the day. In the event that you’ve ever accomplished humanitarian effort, presently would be a decent an ideal opportunity to discuss the amount you love it. Simply make certain to offer a fleshed-out response. The questioner needs to know more than the sort of data that is as of now on your resume. Go further than your essential statistics.2. â€Å"What do you think a call place is like?†How to Answer It: Stay positive! Perhaps accepting calls throughout the day isn't your optimal activity, yet on the off chance that you truly need this one, you have to portray a call community as a domain of astounding client support with workers who are adaptable, bright, and amazingly helpful.3. â€Å"What do you think about our company?†How to Answer It: Before going on your meeting, do a little research about the organization for which you are meeting. Having the option to run through a couple of insights regarding the organization in extremely positive terms uncovers a scrupulousness, a cooperative person soul, and an eagerness to get your work done. Not having a generous reaction flags that you don’t take landing this position very seriously.4. Question: â€Å"Why would you like to work here?†How to Answer It: Explain that you have the relationship building abilities important for call focus work. In the event that you don’t have call focus understanding and you most likely won’t on the off chance that you are posed this specific inq uiry portray your other work or beneficial encounters pertinent to call focus work. In the event that you’ve ever worked with clients or customers previously, or ever needed to defuse possibly dangerous circumstances, you should make reference to such encounters in your response.5. â€Å"What is quality client service?†How to Answer It: There’s extremely just one response to this inquiry: â€Å"Going well beyond expectations† is quality client service.6. â€Å"What are your qualities and weaknesses?†How to Answer It: This is a typical inquiry in any prospective employee meeting. In the event that you’re attempting to find a call place line of work, your qualities ought to incorporate tolerance, critical thinking, magnificent relational abilities, quick learning, and kind disposition. Examining your shortcomings can be a tricky method to additionally accentuate your qualities. For instance, you can offer â€Å"I will in general work myself t oo hard† as a shortcoming. Just don’t notice anything too negative.7. â€Å"What is the compensation you hope to make here?†How to Answer It: Ideally, you would simply demand the standard pay for somebody with your capabilities as opposed to a particular figure. On the off chance that the questioner requests a particular figure, keep it sensible without pointing excessively low or you may wind up making short of what you merit. Do some examination to discover the amount somebody with your capabilities ought to procure at a call center.8. â€Å"Where do you see yourself in five years?†How to Answer It: This regular inquiry is an approach to see whether you intend to stay or view the activity as a transitory steppingstone. An organization won't have any desire to recruit you on the off chance that you intend to proceed onward rapidly, so tell the questioner that in five years you see yourself working for this very company†¦but elevated to an all the mor e impressive position!

Major essay Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Significant exposition - Term Paper Example He is basically acceptable, nut he, or his precursors, have overstepped an ethical law †a law of the divine beings or the state. Shakespeare’s adaptability is communicated through his incredible works which both included catastrophes and comedies. These incorporated his best comedies, for example, Much Ado about Nothing, Twelfth Night and As You like It; his incredible Roman authentic plays, for example, Julius Caesar and Anthony and Cleopatra; and the catastrophes Hamlet, Macbeth and Othello. In his disasters, explicitly Othello, end in the hero being overwhelmed by powers which he restricted or attempted to contradict. The hero or the awful saint is an individual from the sovereignty, or possesses an honorable position, who has praiseworthy individual characteristics. The grievous legend is basically acceptable, yet he, or his predecessors, has violated an ethical law †a law of the divine beings or the state. In this Shakespeare play, we see the sad saint attempting to maintain a strategic distance from the outcomes of offense, yet perusers will realize that his possible thrashing is unavoidable, that he can't stay away from the discipline that will come as a result of what he has done. The unfortunate saint has a lethal deformity, a â€Å"tragic flaw† which likewise prompts his destruction. Shakespeare’s Macbeth is unnecessarily driven. The â€Å"flaw† in his character instigates the unfortunate legend into activities which realize his demolition. Despite the fact that disaster leaves perusers with a feeling of misfortune in light of the fact that the saint in Shakespeare’s plays have indicated the perusers how respectable and great they are but then have been devastated or crushed, perusers feel a specific sort of fulfillment since they have exhibited the estimation of human instinct and have demonstrated perusers how honorable and extraordinary a man can be. Perusers feel pleased with such a man as the shocking saint, perusers likewise feel lowered by the idea that they will be unable to be as brave as the he seemed to be. In spite of business thought and oversight, the accomplishments of right on time

Highly Sensitive Person Traits That Create More Stress

Highly Sensitive Person Traits That Create More Stress Theories Personality Psychology Print Highly Sensitive Person Traits That Create More Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 16, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 16, 2019 Jovo Jovanovic/Stocksy United More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is an HSP? Frequency Signs Stress Experience Coping View All Back To Top Have you ever been told that you’re “too sensitive” or that you “shouldn’t think so much,” particularly by people who strike you as too insensitive or who perhaps should think a little more? You may be what is known as a “highly sensitive person,” or HSP. What Is an HSP? Highly sensitive people are generally known as being “empaths” and may also be referred to as having sensory processing sensitivity, or SPS for short. People may have labeled you “highly sensitive” or “too sensitive” in the past and meant it as a negative thing, but this is not necessarily negative as much as it is a personality trait that brings both strengths and challenges. Yes, it is possible to be too easily offended by people who mean no harm or who are trying their best to be kind. Likewise, it is possible to overreact to daily stressors or relationship issues, particularly if you become emotionally aggressive as a response. However, being a highly sensitive person (or HSP for the sake of brevity) doesn’t necessarily mean that you imagine negative motives in people when they are not there; it is more that you may perceive them more easily, or you may be affected more deeply by negative experiences, which is not necessarily a weakness. If you know how to manage the unique features of being an HSP, you can make it more of a strength and less of a challenge in your life. To do this, it helps to understand what you’re dealing with, whether you are reading this for yourself or trying to build a deeper understanding of someone in your life who may be highly sensitive. How Common Are HSPs? Psychologists Elaine Aron and Arthur Aron, a husband and wife pair, coined the term HSP in the 1990s and have extensively studied and published on the topic. Researchers found that HSPs make up roughly 15 to 20 percent of the general population, so they are not as exceedingly rare as they may sometimes feel. That said, highly sensitive is a less common way to be, and our society tends to be built around people who notice a little less and are affected a little less deeply. Therefore, it helps to recognize the differences and make adjustments to minimize the stress that can come at greater levels to HSPs. This is true for those who recognize themselves as highly sensitive as well as those who have someone they care for who is more sensitive than the average person. How to Identify an HSP High sensitivity applies across a few different categories. It is important to remember that being an HSP does not mean that you have a diagnosable condition; it is a personality trait that involves increased responsiveness to both positive and negative influences. There are several traits or characteristics common to HSPs. According to the researchers who identified this personality trait, here’s what to look for. Being overwhelmed by sensory stimuli like noisy crowds, bright lights, or uncomfortable clothingFeeling the need to avoid violent movies or TV shows because they feel too intense and leave you feeling unsettledFeeling not just a preference, but a need for downtime, especially when you have hectic days; needing to retreat to a dark, quiet roomBeing deeply moved by beauty, either expressed in art, nature, or the human spirit, or sometimes even a good commercialHaving a rich and complex inner life, complete with deep thoughts and strong feelings that go with it For a more thorough or “official” identification, there is a personality questionnaire that these researchers developed to help people identify themselves as HSPs, which is known as Aron’s Highly Sensitive Persons Scale (HSPS) questionnaire and is available on their website. How HSPs Experience Stress Not surprisingly, highly sensitive people tend to get more stressed by things that many people experience stressful, plus a few things that may roll off of other people’s backs. Social stress, which is perceived as more taxing to most people than other types of stress, can be particularly taxing on someone who can perceive many different ways that things could go wrong in a conflict, for example, or can perceive hostility or tension where others may not notice it. Here are a few specific things that can be significantly stressful for the highly sensitive. Hectic Schedules Not everyone loves being too busy, but some people thrive on the excitement and exhilaration of a busy life. HPSs, on the other hand, feel overwhelmed and rattled when they have too much to do in a short amount of time, even if they technically have enough time to get everything done if they rush. The need to juggle  the uncertainty of maybe not being able to make it all work and the pressure of such situations feels overwhelmingly stressful. Expectations of Others Highly sensitive people tend to pick up on the needs and feelings of others. They hate letting people down. Learning to say no is a challenge and a necessity for HSPs because they can feel crushed by the demands of others, particularly because they can feel their friends’ disappointment if HSPs need to say no or can’t do what is expected of them. They tend to be their own worst critics and can feel responsible for the happiness of others, or at least acutely aware of it when there are negative emotions floating around. Conflicts As mentioned, HSPs may be more prone to being stressed by conflict because they may be more aware of it when there is trouble brewing in a relationship, including when things just feel a little “off” with someone who may not be communicating that there is a problem. They can be prone to the stress of social comparison as well.  They may feel the negative feelings of the other person as well as their own feelings, and they may experience them more strongly and deeply than others. They may be more aware of both the possibilities to improve things and upset when potentially good outcomes give way to more negative outcomes through the course of a deteriorating conflict. They may also be more upset when they realize that a relationship is over, feeling that things could have been resolved, whereas someone else may feel there is nothing that could be done and walks away. The highly sensitive may feel the loss more acutely as well and engage in rumination. Tolerations Life coaches refer to those daily energy drains that we all have as ?tolerations,  as in “things we tolerate” that create stress and aren’t strictly necessary. Distractions may feel more frustrating for the HSP who is trying to concentrate, for example, or foul smells in one’s house may be felt more strongly and make relaxation more elusive for an HSP in a messy home. They are more easily startled by surprises. They get “hangry” when hungryâ€"they don’t tolerate it well. In this way, life’s daily stressors often add up to more frustration for the highly sensitive. Personal Failures As mentioned, HSPs are their own worst critics. That means they are more prone to rumination and self-doubt. They may remember for quite a while if they make an embarrassing mistake, and feel more embarrassed about it than the average person would. They don’t like being watched and evaluated when they are attempting something challenging, and can even mess up because of the stress of being watched. They are more often perfectionists, but may also be more aware of the ways that this stress is not inevitable and of how it is affecting them. Being Deeply Moved Feeling things more deeply has an upside as well. Highly sensitive people tend to feel deeply moved by the beauty they see around them. They have been known to cry while watching particularly heartwarming videos about puppies on YouTube, and can really feel the feelings of others, both negative and positive. They care deeply about their friends and tend to form deep bonds with the right people. They really appreciate a fine wine, a good meal, a beautiful song, and many of the finer things in life on a level that most people cant access. They may feel more existential angst, but they also may feel more gratitude for what they have in life, knowing that it is possibly fleeting and nothing is certain. Their lows may be lower, but their highs have the potential to be higher as well. Stress Relief for the Highly Sensitive Much of your stress relief plan as a highly sensitive person can involve insulating yourself from too many stimuli. Put a barrier between you and sensory stimuli that feel overwhelming. Dont watch those late-night slasher movies. Stay away from people who sap your positive energy, make heavy demands on you, or make you feel bad about yourself. Learn to say no to overwhelming demands and feel OK  with it, and create a perimeter in your life. Set up your home as a soothing environment and a safe space for yourself emotionally. Create some extra positive experiences in your schedule to insulate you from additional stress you may encounter. And above all, know what triggers stress in you, and learn to avoid these things. How to Develop a Stress Reduction Plan That Works

Application of Science and its implications to the factors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1033 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Physics Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Tags: Knowledge Essay Did you like this example? The quality of life today at so many different levels has greatly improved due to use of scientific knowledge, this range from the mere daily activities to global activities. Application of science informs policy making and greatly play very critical role in social, political, economic, cultural, and demographic fields across the world. It is apparent that without the knowledge of science life would be difficult and almost impossible to progress, (Bickman et al, pg 65-70) The knowledge of science is being applied today in so many areas such as in the modern medicine whereby there has been great deliverables in the field of medicine unfolding smart antibiotics and vaccines useful in treating the once deadly diseases. Today, with emergence of many new advanced drugs the world is enjoying heightened levels of health care and management with low death cases from some deadly diseases compared to the past, (Bickman et al, pg 65-70) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Application of Science and its implications to the factors" essay for you Create order Science has also contributed positively in the agricultural sector, for instance application of agricultural technology has facilitated initiation of hybrid varieties of foodstuffs which contribute to balanced diet and good health. On the other hand science has enabled crossbreeding of the once low yielding crops to better yielding crops, thus ensuring high harvests to farmers. Food security has improved largely and with better effective pesticides being discovered to protect the crops while at the plantations and after harvesting. Additionally discovery of DNA has played a key role a major breakthrough in biology that has helped in discovering solutions for genetic diseases, and crops that are genetically engineered, (Bickman et al, pg 65-70) Water security has been greatly enhanced due to adoption of favorable policies to ensure a good blend of the water resources available and against the financial budget for that sector against the population of any given country, (Osborne et al pg 1049-1079). Science is also being applied in statistics in probability to predict behavior of two occurring activities or phenomena. For instance the discovery of the probabilistic nature, a major discovery and a conclusion was drawn about atomic scale which is being applied even today, (Osborne et al pg 1049-1079). The application of science has so many implications and the most conspicuous one are the major drawbacks that come with the application of science in our daily activities, (Osborne et al pg 1049-1079). For instance research and development into developing and coming up with new informed policies comes with huge budget implications which in most cases renders the research and development work impossible. O n the other hand grants given to the researchers have a short expiry period of less than 3years and this makes most researchers shy off from long-term projects which maybe could yield great deliverables helpful to the society, (Pidd, pg 46-52) Its worth mentioning that apart from the above challenge, researchers are being faced with the challenge of low funding with small amounts of cash. This definitely pushes them to the very fast and wrong research which might not yield anything at all. One of the reason being that the governments funding are being faced by so many researchers and have the pressure to fund adequately with sufficient funds, (Pidd, pg 46-52) One more challenge of application of science is that only a few researchers are willing to participate in the high profile risky projects while the less risky projects could be the most obvious ones not warranting research. This could lead to wastage of funds in projects which are meaningless, (Pidd, pg 46-52) Part of the major political implication application of science has is on the stem cell as well as on the embryo research whereby both politicians and interested religious groups are in constant debate over GMOS on the safety and ethics, (Kandel, pg 912-914). Another major ethical and legal implication of of this factor is that it lacks the legitimacy in the sense that this perspective doesnt offer a new view on genetic engineering, (Kandel, pg 912-914). Economically the emergency of new anonymous currency the so called Bit coin has led issues such as hacking of the currency, valuation of the currency against other currencies as well as promotion of illegal business transactions which cant be identified easily. This is among the negative implications of the application of science, (Baeza et al, pg 199-208) The use of robots in the enforcement of automated law implies that these robots may not exercise the right judgment required if it were a rational human being probably they would exercise better decisions unbiased as opposed to the robots which in most cases are set to think or act in just one way or direction, (Baeza et al, pg 199-208) The idea of making computers that have the same knowledge as human beings is a big concern since in the long run this may lead to constant permanent replacement of human beings and this may render human beings good for nothing in their roles. The biggest question being that will this interface be affected perfectly and whether or not can the machines perfectly replace human beings to perform like human beings, (Baeza et al, pg 199-208) The use of and application of science has led to assumption of social bonds and neglect ion of social responsibility with emergence of sexbots replacing girlfriends and wives for sexual satisfaction. This displays moral decay and erosion of culture and norms, (Baeza et al, pg 199-208) Work cited Bickman, Leonard, and Debra J. Rog, eds.? The Sage handbook of applied social research methods. Sage publications, 2008. Funtowicz, Silvio O., and Jerome R. Ravetz. A new scientific methodology for global environmental issues.? Ecological economics: The science and management of sustainability? 10 (1991): 137. Pidd, Michael. Tools for thinking.? Modelling in management science? 1 (1996). Bickman, L., and D. J. Rog. Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods.BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL STUDIES? 46 (1998): 351-351. Osborne, Jonathan, Shirley Simon, and Sue Collins. Attitudes towards science: A review of the literature and its implications.International journal of science education? 25.9 (2003): 1049-1079. Kandel, Denise. Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use.? Science? 190.4217 (1975): 912- 914. Baeza, M. J., et al. Factors influencing fire behaviour in shrublands of different stand ages and the implications for using prescribed burning to reduce wildfire risk.? Journal of Environmental Management? 65.2 (2002): 199-208.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deliberative Democracy

The advocates of the criticisms of liberal democracy suggest its replacement with a more egalitarian version called deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy contrast with interest-based democracy in several ways. Deliberative democracy encourages the meeting of people to decide public ends and policies through rational discussion. It impels free and equal deliberations among participants. And a consensus is the preferred outcome of such discussions. Even when consensus eludes the participants, all possible care is taken to bring the ultimate decision closer to the collective judgment rather than simply presuming it as the aggregate of private preferences (xxx, xxx). Deliberative democracy has potentials to reduce the exclusionary†¦show more content†¦This is essential to mean that the essence of democracy should be the ability to speak across differences of culture, social positions and needs without necessarily erasing them. Preserving and listening across such differences of position and perspective causes the transformation in preferences (xxx, xxx). Generally, it can be said that self-determination and deliberative democracy are integrally linked. First, deliberative democracy can help identify: (1) whether a group qualifies for the right to self-determination by better ascertaining its members’ subjective beliefs and matching those with its objective distinctiveness; and (2) whether and how a group wants to exercise that right by better aggregating the individual preferences to a collective choice (xxx, xxx). Second, deliberative democracy can better deliver and individualize the group right of self-determination and ensure that the respect for the rights and well-being of each individual serves as a guiding principle for the implementation of self-determination (xxx, xxx). Third, deliberative democracy can augment the instrumental value of self-determination and promote more efficient policies and institutions, both during self-determination by discerning whether self-determination is welfare-improving and after the ent renchment of the new political status by reducing political transaction costs (xxx, xxx). Hence, the above argument shows exitance of a strong link between deliberative democracy andShow MoreRelatedAlthough there are advantages and disadvantages to both a representative government and1300 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough there are advantages and disadvantages to both a representative government and deliberative democracy the benefits are largely dependant on the context of policy making and whose interests are being considered. 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Anti Federalists1518 Words   |  7 PagesIn early 1788, Federalists and Anti-Federalists held fierce debates over how the state of Rhode Island would vote on Constitutional ratification. Two models of democracy were contested: the Anti-Federalists argued in favor of mass participation in the form of a state referendum, and the Federalists argued in favor of elite representation in the form of a state convention. On the whole, while the state referendum model used in the debates in Rhode Island allows for greater participation and an opportunityRead MoreThe Jury System And The Judicial System1065 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipate in the judicial system to get just ice efficiently. Today, we usually think that the jury system is a characteristic of the common law system, but actually it derives from Ancient Greek. In its origins, the jury was based on the idea of democracy and common participation as way of checks and balances. 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Media and Children Free Essays

Today I came here to discuss the topic media and children In this topic I will I tell you what is the influence of media on our childrens But First of all I will explain to you what is media? Media: Communication channels  through which  news,  entertainment,  education,  data, or  promotional messages  are disseminated. In my opinion Our media has negative impact on our children’s . because When children see scenes of violence, natural disasters, and crime reports on TV Which leads to stress, and fear among children leaving far reaching impacts on their personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Media and Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now I will tell you some points with examples Blind Imitation: you have often seen that young girls and boys imitate celebrities blindly do you give a thought to whether they are doing right or wrong?. in such that the impact of media is wrong Wrong Message: in our society negatives are highlighted with the purpose of awakening people about them. For example, the negative effects of addiction are portrayed through advertisements. Newspapers, television and the Internet are used to convey social messages. But unfortunately sometimes, the message is misconstrued. Unhealthy Lifestyle: Media is responsible for the change in eating habits of teenagers and the unhealthy lifestyle they are adopting. Media Addiction: The negative effects of media on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental setup and the declining quality of their lifestyle. Health Problems: Media has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of society. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet experience eye problems. A survey is conducted by  Gilani Research Foundation, on January 20, 2011 According to that survey Fifty two per cent people believed that media has a valuable effect on culture and lives . Whereas,   29 per cent said that it left no impact on their lives. A considerable 19 per cent gave no comments because they were unsure. Now I will tell you about a seminar which is organized by a Youth Forum on Tuesday, June 29, 2004 at Aga Khan University Auditorium. The speakers said that research had shown that children were prone to imitate what they saw on media. Teachers’ Development Centre Director Prof Abbas Hussain said that children through media got aware about certain facts of life mysteries, contradictions, tragedies and violence, which were not considered suitable for them to know. suggestions parents should see what children were watching in order to minimize the effects of such programmes. â€Å"Television should not be used as a baby-sitter,† we should remove television sets from bedrooms, monitoring of the websites they visit, setting of time limitation and finding alternative activities for them would be very helpful in reducing negative effects on personality of children. How to cite Media and Children, Papers

Russian History free essay sample

This was due to Peter I (Peter the Great) because of his accomplishments forced the West to take notice of his nation. Peter The Great When Peter I came into power in 1689, he had two basic goals for his country: †¢Modernize his country in the western fashion. †¢Gain warm water ports to access to the west, thus, bringing more trade, recognition, and respect by the other European powers. Dealing with the West Peter set out his plans by sending a grand embassy to the European powers in 1697 to enlist their help against Turkey. He went along too, pretending to be a ships carpenter, and worked in English and Dutch shipyards. He studied everything from anatomy and engraving to European industrial techniques in order to gain as much information as possible. He was determined to give Russia an outlet to the sea, both on the Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea. He brought European shipbuilders to Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on Russian History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then in 1696, with a new fleet, he was able to capture Azov, the chief Turkish fortress on the Sea of Azov. As Captain Peter Alekseevich, he commanded from the Principium – a ship built by his own hand. In 1700, he felt ready to attack Sweden. With Poland and Denmark as allies, he started the Great Northern War, which lasted until 1721. Peter defeated the Swedes and gained an outlet to the Baltic Sea. The Treaty of Nystad (1721) ended the war and gave Russia the prized Swedish provinces on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Sweden became a second-rate military power, and Poland was reduced in status. As a result of the victory, the Russian Empire was formed on October 22, 1721. On that day Peter was acclaimed Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great, and emperor of all the Russia’s, by the Russian Senate, in gratitude for victory in the war. Internal Affairs Peter was organizing and modernizing his country internally as well as externally. He was ruthless when he ruled Russia as he was so determined for his country to be recognised. He forced his subjects to conform to his ideas, founded a navy, introduced factories, and organized a modern army. He also created a new Russian capital, St Petersburg. In 1703, Peter began construction a fortress on territory that he had won – which became the new capital city of St Petersburg – and moved his imperial court there in 1712. In order to populate St Petersburg, Peter forced all upper-class Russians to move there. One problem was that the country had no proper means of transportation. What roads there were only ran east to west, and even then, they were difficult to traverse, especially during the Russian winter. Peter westernized his subjects by using taxation and implementing new laws. Some examples are: †¢He put a high tax on beards and Oriental dress to force the people to adopt Western dress. †¢He modernized the calendar, simplified the alphabet, unified the currency, and introduced universal taxation

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch Although it didnt boast as wide an array of prehistoric mammals as the epochs that succeeded it, the Paleocene was notable for being the geologic stretch of time immediately following the extinction of the dinosaurswhich opened up vast ecological niches for surviving mammals, birds, reptiles and marine animals. The Paleocene was the first epoch of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), the other two being the Eocene (56-34 million years ago) and Oligocene (34-23 million years ago); all these periods and epochs were themselves part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present). Climate and geography. The first few hundred years of the Paleocene epoch comprised the dark, frigid aftermath of the K/T Extinction, when an astronomical impact on the Yucatan peninsula raised enormous clouds of dust that obscured the sun worldwide. By the end of the Paleocene, however, the global climate had recovered, and was nearly as warm and muggy as it had been during the preceding Cretaceous period. The northern supercontinent of Laurasia had yet to completely break apart into North America and Eurasia, but the giant continent Gondwana in the south was already well on its way to separating into Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia. Terrestrial Life During the Paleocene Epoch Mammals. Contrary to popular belief, mammals didnt suddenly appear on the planet after the dinosaurs went extinct; small, mouselike mammals coexisted with dinosaurs as far back as the Triassic period (at least one mammalian genus, Cimexomys, actually straddled the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary). The mammals of the Paleocene epoch werent much larger than their predecessors, and only barely hinted at the forms they would later attain: for example, the distant elephant ancestor Phosphatherium only weighed about 100 pounds, and Plesidadapis was an extremely early, extremely small primate. Frustratingly, most mammals of the Paleocene epoch are known only by their teeth, rather than well-articulated fossils. Birds. If you were somehow transported back in time to the Paleocene epoch, you might be forgiven for concluding that birds, rather than mammals, were destined to inherit the earth. During the late Paleocene, the fearsome predator Gastornis (once known as Diatryma) terrorized the small mammals of Eurasia, while the very first terror birds, equipped with hatchet-like beaks, began to evolve in South America. Perhaps not surprisingly, these birds resembled small meat-eating dinosaurs, as they evolved to fill that suddenly vacant ecological niche. Reptiles. Paleontologists still arent sure why crocodiles managed to survive the K/T Extinction, while their closely related dinosaur brethren bit the dust. In any case, prehistoric crocodiles continued to flourish during the Paleocene epoch, as did snakesas evidenced by the truly enormous Titanoboa, which measured about 50 feet from head to tail and may have weighed more than a ton. Some turtles, too, attained giant sizes, as witness Titanoboas contemporary in the swamps of South America, the one-ton Carbonemys. Marine Life During the Paleocene Epoch Dinosaurs werent the only reptiles that went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Mosasaurs, the fierce, sleek marine predators, also disappeared from the worlds oceans, along with the last straggling remnants of plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. Filling the niches vacated by these voracious reptilian predators were prehistoric sharks, which had existed for hundreds of millions of years but now had the room to evolve to truly impressive sizes. The teeth of the prehistoric shark Otodus, for example, are a common find in Paleocene and Eocene sediments. Plant Life During the Paleocene Epoch A huge number of plants, both terrestrial and aquatic, were destroyed in the K/T Extinction, victims of the enduring lack of sunlight (not only did these plants succumb to darkness, but so did the herbivorous animals that fed on the plants and the carnivorous animals that fed on the herbivorous animals). The Paleocene epoch witnessed the very first cactuses and palm trees, as well as a resurgence of ferns, which were no longer harassed by plant-munching dinosaurs. As in preceding epochs, much of the world was covered by thick, green jungles and forests, which thrived in the heat and humidity of the late Paleocene climate. Next: the Eocene Epoch

Formation and Types of Irregular Galaxies

Formation and Types of Irregular Galaxies The word galaxy brings to mind images of the  Milky Way  or perhaps  the Andromeda galaxy, with their spiral arms and central bulges. These  spiral galaxies  are what people commonly imagine all galaxies look like. Yet, there are many types of galaxies in the universe and theyre not all spirals. To be sure, we live in a spiral galaxy, but there are also elliptical (rounded without spiral arms) and lenticulars (sort of cigar-shaped). Theres another set of galaxies that are rather shapeless, dont necessarily have spiral arms, but do have a lot of sites where stars are forming. These odd, blobby ones are called irregular galaxies.  Sometimes they get lumped in with the so-called peculiar galaxies due to their unusual shapes or other characteristics. Hubble Space Telescopes deepest view of the cosmos. There are hundreds of galaxies of all shapes and sizes in this image. NASA/ESA/STScI As many as a quarter of known galaxies are irregular.  With no spiral arms or central bulge, they dont seem to visually share much in common with either spiral or elliptical galaxies. However, they have some characteristics in common with spirals, at least. For one thing, many have sites of active star formation. Some may even have black holes at their hearts. Formation of Irregular Galaxies So, how do irregulars form? It seems that they are typically formed through gravitational interactions and mergers of other galaxies. Most,  if not all of them began life as some other galaxy type. Then through interactions with each other, they became distorted and lost some, if not all of their shape and features. Hubble Space Telescope looked at a pair of colliding galaxies that are tangling as they interact. The shock of the collision has produced blue streamers that look like clouds. They are actually giant starburst regions, where clusters of hot, massive young stars are being born. In the future, this may end up being an irregular galaxy for a time. NASA/ESA/STScI Some may have been created simply by passing near another galaxy. The gravitational pull of the other galaxy would tug on it and warp its shape. This will happen particularly if they pass near larger galaxies. This is likely what happened to the Magellanic Clouds, the smaller companions to the Milky Way. It appears that they were once small barred spirals. Because of their close proximity to our galaxy, they were distorted by gravitational interactions into their current unusual shapes. The Large Magellanic Cloud (middle left) and Small Magellanic Cloud (upper center) over Paranal Observatory in Chile. European Southern Observatory Other irregular galaxies seem to have been created through mergers of galaxies. In a few billion years the Milky Way will merge with Andromeda galaxy. During the initial time of the collision, the newly formed galaxy (which is nicknamed Milkdromeda) may look to be irregular as the gravity of each galaxy pulls on the other and stretches them like taffy. Then, after billions of years, they may eventually form an elliptical galaxy. This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the massive elliptical galaxy Messier 60 (also called M60, or NGC 4649). M60 is 120 million light-years across and contains an estimated 400 billion stars. Highlighted in the inset is the dwarf galaxy M60-UDC1 which orbits the giant elliptical.M60-UCD1 is a tiny galaxy with a diameter of 300 light-years - just 1/500th of the diameter of the Milky Way! Despite its size it is pretty crowded, containing some 140 million stars.The dwarf galaxy may actually be the stripped remnant of a larger galaxy that was torn apart during a close encounter with Messier 60. Circumstantial evidence for this comes from the recent discovery of a monster black hole, which is not visible in this image, at the centre of the dwarf. The black hole makes up 15 percent of the mass of the entire galaxy, making it much too big to have formed inside a dwarf galaxy. NASA/ESA/STScI Some researchers suspect that large irregular galaxies are an intermediate step between the merger of similarly sized spiral galaxies and their eventual final forms as elliptical galaxies. The most likely scenario is that two spirals either mingle together or simply pass very near each other, resulting in changes to both partners in the galactic dance.   There is also a small  population of irregulars that dont fit into other categories. These are called dwarf irregular galaxies. They also look a lot like some galaxies as they existed early in the history of the universe, without a definite shape and looking more like a shred of a galaxy. Does this mean that the irregulars that are observed today are more like early galaxies? Or is there some other evolutionary path that they take? The jury is still out on those questions as astronomers continue to study them and compare younger to the ones they see that existed many billions of years ago. Types of Irregular Galaxies Irregular galaxies come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. This is not surprising considering  they may have started out as either spiral or elliptical galaxies  and simply distorted through the merger of two or more galaxies, or perhaps by nearby gravitational distortion from another galaxy. However, irregular galaxies can still all into a number of sub-types. The distinctions are usually associated with their shape and features, or lack thereof, and by their size. Irregular galaxies, particularly the dwarfs, are still not well understood. As weve already discussed, their formation is at the heart of the issue, particularly as we compare old (distant) irregular galaxies to newer (nearer) ones. Irregular Sub-types Irregular I Galaxies (Irr I): The first sub-type of irregular galaxies are known as Irr-I galaxies (Irr I for short) and are characterized by having some structure, but not enough to classify it as a spiral or elliptical galaxies (or any other type). Some catalogs break this sub-type down even further into those that exhibit either spiral features (Sm) - or barred spiral features (SBm) - and those that have structure, but not structure associated with spiral galaxies such as a central bulge or arm features. These are therefore identified as Im irregular galaxies.   Irregular II Galaxies (Irr II): The second type of irregular galaxy does not have any feature what so ever. When they were formed through gravitational interaction, the tidal forces were strong enough to eliminate all identified structure of what galaxy type it may have been previously. Dwarf Irregular Galaxies: The final type of irregular galaxy is the dwarf irregular galaxy mentioned above. As the name suggests, these galaxies are smaller versions of the two sub-types listed above. Some of them contain structure (dIrrs I), while others have no trace of such features (dIrrs II). There is no official cut-off, size-wise, for what constitutes a normal irregular galaxy and what is a dwarf. However, the dwarf galaxies tend to have low metallicity (that means that they are mostly hydrogen, with low amounts of heavier elements). They may also form  in a different way than normal-sized irregular galaxies. However, some galaxies currently classified as dwarf Irregulars are simply small spiral galaxies that have been distorted by a much larger nearby galaxy. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Religion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion - Coursework Example Smith further said that religion is indeed, nothing more than an outcome of the study of many scholars, who utilize it as a means to carry out analysis of various social aspects, otherwise, it does not exist outside the academic world. Smith’s generalization of religion as an academic myth is an overt expression of his association with the school of thought that negates the existence of religion in practical world. Another scholar who belongs to the same school of thought but came up with a more philosophical explanation of the reason of its people’s belief in religion is Edward Burnett Taylor who visualized the religion as an animated concept developed by humans in an attempt to conceive the physical world around them in a better way while Sigmund Freud said religion exists simply because people want to believe in it. (Anon., 2010). However, there are other scholars that do believe in religion and make reasonable arguments for the purpose of the existence of religion and acknowledge its role and impact in the society. One such scholar has been Mircea Eliade who believed in religion and expressed the opinion saying that religion is something too special to be limited to social, cultural or psychological concerns alone. (Anon, 2010). In addition to them, there have been scholars who simply referred to religion as an outcome of some phenomenon. For example, James George Frazer explained that religion surfaced when magic failed to address people’s longing for spiritual satisfaction. (Anon., 2010). Frazer said that the psychology of some people caused them to trust spiritual beings and seek help from them. This resulted in the formation of religion. An in-depth analysis of the opinions of various scholars in the history of literature suggests that many saw religion as a man made concept. A vast majority of philosophers and educationalists denies the belief in religion and refers to it as an animated

Critical Analysis of the problems facing manners Europe Coursework

Critical Analysis of the problems facing manners Europe - Coursework Example The challenges are often worsened even more with lack of knowledge about such differences or sensitivity to such differences, which may impact interactions and the manner in which business is done. Sometimes even those who do understand the significance of the national differences, often mistakenly their way of doing things is the best and most successful. Every country at least has some differences in the way business is done, human resource is planned, people are motivated, and even labour laws practised (Plessis, 2010:180; Mead, 2009). The varying values, behaviours, and beliefs that people hold are critical to the success of human resource management of an international business. This paper analyses the various human resource challenges and problems that Manners Europe faces in its Netherlands office. It will do so using various a numbers of theoretical frameworks such as Hall’s High Low context theory and Hofstede’s five dimensions theory to critically understand t hese problems. Case analysis Problems facing Manners Europe Based on the case experience of Manners Europe, it can be noted that the company division is faced with operational and people management problems. This can be attributed to the different ways that the Dutch carry about their business operations and the export of the parent company’s United States management style in the Netherlands business operations management. The key problems noted from Manners Europe situation include: Problems in motivational tactics used Problems in reward management Communication problems Problems in effective recruiting and retention of employees Problem with management style Problem as to whether a European or American as Tom Steiger’s successor These problems are as analysed below: Problems in motivational tactics used Different people value different things and it is these things valued that often impact the kind of motivation strategies. This implies that motivation is highly imp acted by culture as it is culture that impacts the values that people hold. It is imperative that what employee value and what motivates be clearly understood so that effective working motivation strategies can be employed (Hofstede, 2011). This denotes that in order to understand the problems as to why the pay for performance motivation tactics currently used in Manners Europe are not working it is imperative to understand what the Dutch value and what motivates them based on their cultures. Analysing case based on the Dutch culture using Gert Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions (Mead, 2009; Brewster, Sparrow, and Vernon, 2011), it can be noted that the Dutch are more individualistic persons who places prefer a loosely knit social network and place high value in taking care of their own needs and those of their immediate families only rather than groups. This is clearly noted in the employees’ emphasis on meeting their social needs and the needs of their families rath er than feeling obliged to meet the needs of the organisation (Verburg et al, 1999:397; Hofstede, 2011). The Dutch are less aggressive and competitive but rather place great emphasis on the quality of life and a good work life balance, and also place a high value on codes of beliefs (Tod, 2004:28; Hofstede, 2011). The business ethics between the Dutch and Americans are different. While

Doris Lessing :: Biography Biographies Essays

Doris Lessing Doris Lessing is considered a South African writer, although Africa is not the place of her birth. She was, in fact, born in Persia (now Iran) to British parents in 1919. As a child, she and her parents moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where she lived until 1949 (Sage, 15). White colonists had not previously settled in the part of Africa to which her family moved (Charters 894). In 1949 she moved to London where she still, apparently, resides. Lessing's life appears characterized by displacement. Charters tells us that "Lessing left school at the age of fourteen in rebellion against her mother" (894). Although neither Charters nor Lessing tell us for certain, it seems she may have been pushing against a representative of the colonialist mindset and way of life that she fought as an adult. Her unease with her status as a British national in Africa can be clearly seen in an event related by her biographer Lorna Sage in a quote from Lessing's "Being Prohibited," a piece written for The New Statesman. At the age of 16, Lessing was waiting in a train at a border crossing between Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. The forms she had been given to fill out at the border required her to declare nationality, birthplace, and other information. In this quotation, Lessing relates her discomfort at being one of the "Herrenvolk" (Sage 16): I had written on the form: Nationality, British, Race, European; and it was the first time in my life I had to claim myself as a member of one race and deny the others . . . The immigration man . . . looked suspiciously at my form for a long time before saying that I was in the wrong part of the train. I did not understand him. (I forgot to mention that where the form asked, Where were you born?, I had written, Persia.) "Asiatics," said he, "have to go to the back of the train†¦" "But," I said, "I am not an Asiatic." (Sage 16) For Lessing, this incident seemed to display her lack of a secure "place" in the world. Insecure in the role of British national, unable to be a "real" national of her adopted homeland, she is further separated by the place in which she was born. According to Sage, in the same piece Lessing investigates the idea that maybe "it was her Persian birth rather than her 'red' anti-racist politics that made her a prohibited alien" (16).

How Accurate Is the Label “Era of Good Feelings”?

Prior to the war of 1812, the United States was riddled with domestic political conflicts between the Federalist and Republican parties and diplomatic conflicts with Britain and France. The Federalist and Republicans’ opinions differed in every subject and diplomatic policies against Britain and France divided the nation. At one point, disunion was so apparent that during the Hartford Convention in 1814, New England almost seceded from the Union. After the war of 1812, from 1815 to 1825, some Historians claimed that the nation embraced an Era of Good Feelings due to the destruction of the Federalist Party (but not its ideas) and the numerous nationalistic improvements. However, a better name for the post war years of 1815 to 1825 is an Era of Mixed Feelings because although there were improvements stimulated by nationalism, there were also conflicts created by sectionalism. After the war of 1812, the people of the United States felt enormous pride in winning a war against the almighty Britain and used their nationalism to inspire improvements. Beginning with James Monroe’s election in 1816, Monroe (Republican) won the election with an outstanding ratio of 183 electoral votes to his opponent Rufus King’s (Federalist) 34 votes. Then in 1820, Monroe had no formidable opponent and acquired every vote expect, thus marking the end of the Federalist Party. The nation was more untied than the pre-war era due to the emergence of the National Republican Party which had a hybrid of both Federalist and Republican beliefs. During Monroe’s presidency, the Monroe Doctrine was created and Florida became U. S. territory, both of which bolstered U. S. supremacy in the Western Hemisphere. In 1819, the U. S. acquired Florida from Spain for $5 million, which basically secured U. S. power in North America. Then in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine constituted U. S. supremacy in the Western Hemisphere by stating that European powers have no right to interfere in Western affairs, and are not allowed to have further colonization within the Americas. The doctrine was especially important because it helped to proclaim U. S. independence since Monroe chose to not align U. S. with Britain and took a firm position against the potent European powers. (Doc. H) Both of these events created positive vibes in the country as the U. S. ecame more and more of a superpower. At a cultural level, people rejoiced with nationalism and celebrated national holidays such as Independence Day with vanity. (Doc. C) Francis Scott Key’s Star Spangled Banner gained ubiquitous popularity and became the national anthem and many great works of literature such as Washing Irving’s short stories illu strated American culture and values. In addition, the nation’s economy prospered due to Henry Clay’s American System, which promoted protective tariffs to protect and create industry and internal improvements such as roads, turnpikes, and canals to enhance internal commerce and unity. The internal improvements were especially important because as Calhoun puts it, â€Å"the extent of the republic exposes us to the greatest of calamities—disunion,† thus by binding â€Å"the republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals†, the U. S. can economically grow in unity. (Doc. B) By examining the prevalent post-war accomplishments and improvements, it is evident that from the period of 1815 to 1825, the U. S. enjoyed a period of nationalism and prosperity. On the contrary, although the years 1815 to 1825 had numerous improvements due to nationalism, sectionalism and the 2nd B. U. S. ilemma caused many conflicts for the United States. First off, despite the fact that President Monroe won the elections of 1816 and 1820 with little to no opposition, by 1824, there were four candidates from the north, south and west; Andrew Jackson from Tennessee, John Q. Adams from Massachusetts, Henry Clay from Kentucky, and William Crawford from Georgia were representing different sections of the United States with unalike interests. (Doc. I) One of the main differences in interests was the issue of slavery, which Thomas Jefferson had predicted that one day it would be â€Å"the [death] knell of the Union. (Doc. E) The North’s economy had little to no use for slavery while the South’s economy depended on the slavery; especially after Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which allowed the production of cotton thus increasing demand for slaves. The Missouri Comprise of 1820 was a chief example of how slavery separated the people. The Missouri Comprise allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state in order to fashion a balance of power and created a 36-30 latitude line border that unofficially established the North as anti-slavery states and the South as pro-slavery states. Undoubtedly, the compromise damaged the nationalistic feelings of the nation and created sectionalism since the North and the South refused to give up political power that would put their region’s interests at stake. Economically, the nation’s wealth did increase but the issue of protective tariffs brought disunion because the North supported it while the South opposed it. Many people of the South shared John Randolph’s view that it was â€Å"unjust, to aggravate the burdens of the people for the purpose of favoring the manufactures. † (Doc. A) Furthermore, the Panic of 1819, which was chiefly the fault of the 2nd Bank of the United States, hindered the nation’s growth. Initially, the 2nd B. U. S. was run by William Jones who issued more banknotes than there were species and allowed employees to steal from the bank. When Jones was replaced by Cheeves, Cheeves stopped issuing bank notes so he could stop the distressing inflation. This course of action damaged businesses and farms throughout the country thus people could not pay their loans. As a result banks foreclosed people’s properties but even then, banks could not sell the mortgages. This dominoes effect destroyed the nation’s economy and stymied the national pride. Due to the sectionalist conflicts of slavery and economic issues, it is palpable that the years 1815 to 1825 was not completely an Era of Good Feelings but bad feelings as well. Shortly after the war of 1812, the United States experienced many improvements culturally, economically, politically, and diplomatically. The nation celebrated its culture and virtues, adopted Henry Clay’s American System, was united politically until the years prior to the election of 1824, and made auspicious declarations with European powers. However, disregarding the accomplishments and improvements were the sectionalist conflict of slavery that divided the north and the south, the 2nd B. U. S. internal improvements such as roads, turnpikes, and canals to enhance internal commerce and unity predicament that caused the devastating Panic of 1819, and the issue of protective tariffs. In the end, because the years 1815 to 1825 had both good and bad feelings, improvements and conflicts, it is best to label the period as an Era of Mixed Feelings characterized by nationalism and sectionalism.

Value Chain Portfolio - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4494 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Value Chain Portfolio 1.0 Introduction Porter (2004) established the concept of the value chain, the model broadly addresses the question as to where value is added to a product or service through both primary activities which physically add value to a product or service and secondary activities which support the primary activities as shown in the popular visualisation below: The objective of this portfolio is to identify were value from both the product and customer perspective and then consider how these identified values have an impact on the value chain activities for the company and product in question. Conducting the research the portfolio will use a mixture of both primary and secondary research to establish the relevant information. Whilst the results of the research may be found in the relevant areas of the Pro-formas the detailed research methods may be found in the appendix at the end of the portfolio. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Value Chain Portfolio" essay for you Create order 2.0 Product value – Pro-forma A 2.1 Name of company: Apple is the manufacturer of the product in question, distribution ranges through a variety of third party retailers from high street electrical stores such as Currys through to online sales channels such as Amazon. 2.2 Name and description of product/service: The product being considered for the purpose of this research is the Apple I-Pod. The I-Pod is a portable music playing devise and replaces older models of similar devise such as the Walkman and portable CD players. The fundamental difference between the I-Pod and pervious models of portable music player is that the I-Pod is digitally based relying on Apples I-Tunes system of music downloads rather than conventional formats such as a CD or Cassette (Lynch 2008 p 795-798). 2.3 Value of the product/service to the customer: Value for the customer may be seen as falling into two key areas namely that of the physical features and benefits of the product and the intangible benefits associat ed with such marketing considerations as image. Both of these areas would appear to be supported both in the literature (Brassington and Pettitt 2007, Kottler et al 2009) as well as the results of the primary research. Specifically research revealed that the key value of the I-Pod as a physical product was generated from firstly the user friendly nature of the product in comparison to other electronic â€Å"gadgets† this would be a pattern which is highlighted in the literature as one of Apples key success factors in the industry as a whole (Visionary Marketing 2008). Respondents also highlighted that the quality of the musical experience was also a key value especially when compared with previous non-digital versions. Durability was a repeated factor in interviewing with respondents raising the issue of poor experience with portable CD players due to scratches which the I-Pod has managed to eliminate. Finally from a physical perspective the small size and light weig ht nature of the product was seen as a key value for many especially for those who stated that they used there I-Pod or were intending to use such a devise in conjunction with another activity such as none team based sports. From the perspective of intangible elements of value there were several considerations highlighted. In the first instance respondents stated that the I-Pod was seen as almost a fashion accessory as much as it was a music devise, owning an I-Pod is seen as a â€Å"cool† piece of technology to own rather than a more obscure and specialist product (Weisbein 2008). Secondly there was a high level of importance attached to the I-Tunes service which may be seen as an integral part of the product, here respondents stated that value was added from the wide range of music available and the instant availability. It was stated that in many cases searching for a track in a traditional format without the I-Pod may have taken a considerable amount of time, in a ddition there was also the consideration that value was added for the consumer due to the ability to buy single tracks rather than having to pay for a whole album as is often the case in traditional formats. 2.4 What are the key product and service attributes: Light weight and small physical construction Durability of both the product and the consumers music collection High end digital music technology Fully integrated download service in the form of I-Tunes Instant availability of a wide range of music Fashion value of product ownership Ability to use the product in conjunction with other activities such as sports 2.5 Type of research undertake: This project has undertaken both primary and secondary research in reaching the results as highlighted in the relevant pro-formas. Primary research has included a set of 50 questionnaires in order to gain largely quantitative data whilst the project has also benefited from a number of interviews which were conducted with actual or potential consumers of the product in order to gain in depth qualitative data. The specific methods and techniques used may be found in the appendix of research. 2.6 Purpose of research: The purpose of the research undertaken is to establish firstly what adds value for the consumer in relation to Apples I-Pod offering. Secondly to consider how well Apple has managed to address the perceived values of the consumer in practise. The research should finally address the level of interaction between perceived values of both the product and the consumer and Apples internal value chain. 2.7 Post research review: On the whole the research carried out has provided a valuable insight into the values of both the I-Pod as a product and the perceived values of the consumer in relation to the product thus making a valuable contribution in the field. If the researcher were to carry out the project again it is felt that it would be beneficial to spend a greater level of time researching Apples value chain in greater detail given the high level of research which has been spend on the consumer side of the project in this portfolio. 2.8 Conclusions: There are many conclusions that may be drawn from the research conducted however the points may be surmised in the consideration that whilst the I-Pod as a physical product offers a portable music player this is not the sole value of the product. The value of the I-Pod may be seen as largely linked to the intangible benefits associated with the product which include a general consideration that the product doubles up as a fashion accessory as we ll as the way in which the product is integrated into Apples wider value chain including the I-Tunes concept which is key to the success of the product. As such one may consider that whilst the I-Pod in its self is a physical product much of the value added comes from the service and supporting activities of the value chain and that without these elements the product would not be a success. 3.0 Customer value – Pro-forma B 3.1 How customer value is understood and met by product/service provider In many ways the success of Apple in general may be seen as owing to the companys understanding and interpretation of consumer values in a way which is different to that of its competitors. In the first instance previous to the launch of the Apple I-Pod and I-Tunes service Apple had little experience in the music sector. At the same time incumbent players in the market may be seen as focusing on the wrong consumer values. For instance Lynch (2008) indicates those in the traditional recorded sector had focused on the protection of intellectual property and distribution through traditional outlets and distribution channels such as high street music stores. On the other hand those offering what may be seen as competitor products to the I-Pod in the form of the MP3 player also adopted a different interpretation of value to that of Apple. In this instance other producers of MP3 players interpreted consumer value as being associated with a reduction in price and improvements in quality (Weisbein 2008). Apple on the other hand has taken a different approach to the interpretation of customer values, in the first instance apple has recognised that the consumer values the MP3 product only partially as a music offering and that a large proportion of the value derived for the consumer is due to the consideration of the product as a fashion accessory. In delivering on this core value Apple has constantly updated the product with frequent innovations from basic cosmetic alternations through to the ability to update software and applications (Frith 2007). Another consideration in the way in which Apple has interpreted consumer value is to consider that of how the I-Pod fits into the wider value chain. Despite the fact that Apple was not the first company to offer an MP3 product there is the consideration that previous to the I-Pod and I-Tunes offering consumers had very few choices in obtaining digitally based music in a legal context (Lynch 2009). As such one of the key ways in which Apple has managed to interpret consumer values is to integrate the physical product the I-Pod with into the wider value chain which consists of the I-Tunes offering allowing the consumer to legally download a wide verity of music for instant consumption, elements which were considered as key value adding considerations for the consumer. 3.2 Is consumer value considered in product material/service elements? This may be seen as the defining feature of the I-Pod over rival MP3 systems, whilst other companies such as Sony have introduced similar physical products in the from of the NWHD1 (BBC News 2004) which encompass may of the same consumer values in the physical product such as small size and durable shock resistant technology they have failed to consider the wider value chain which has a strong emphasis on the distribution channel which directly adds value to the phy sical product. It is notable that were competitors have began to make progress the companies involved have tended to see the service and supporting elements associated with the distribution channel as the key success rather than the physical product such as in the case of the potential My Space offering and Microsofts rival â€Å"Zune† (Marketing Week 2008, Wray 2006). 3.3 Presentation The presentation of the I-Pod may be seen as largely representative of the consumer values of the product. The I-Pod comes in a contemporary style white minimalistic style of box packaging which may be seen as communicating to the consumer both the contemporary nature of the product but also the simple user friendly nature. The box contains a limited amount of information on the technical specifications of the product however the consumer is not bombarded by a plethora or irrelevant technical jargon. See appendix for graphical representation fig 1. 3.4 Customer satisfaction mea sures and support In gauging the overall level of customer satisfaction Apple has a number of mechanisms. According to those interviewed the I-Pod comes with a standardised customer satisfaction card with the option to register one view online. In addition users are able to register for a number of services on Apples main web site (Apple 2010) which offers an array of options aimed at enhancing customer satisfaction from the provision of advice and technical support through to repairs and bolt on sales designed to enhance the experience. 3.5 Considerations not met by the product/service On of the key success factors of the I-Pod as has been highlighted is the distribution channel which the I-Pod is automatically linked into in the form of I-Tunes. Despite the success of the product in relation to this model the I-pod not only allows the consumer to use the I-Tunes offering but effectively locks the consumer into Apples distribution network. Whilst one can see the benef its of such a strategy there is also the consideration that such a lack of flexibility detracts from the value of the product as consumers value the flexibility of being able to purchase their music from multiple sources (Smith 2006). Further more as with many successful products the company and its product often come under a higher level of scrutiny than less successful alternatives. Apples I-Pod despite its success may be seen as facing a wave of criticisms which detract from consumer value as highlighted by Prigg (2006) who points out that many consumers have criticised the product for poor physical quality in areas such as battery life and manufacturing conditions which use unethical practises in the Far-East. Finally there is the consideration that since the launch of the I-Pod Apple has since developed the I-Phone which combines the technology of both the mobile phone and the portable music player into a single devise. This development may suggest that the original I- Pod as discussed in this report did not address all of the elements of value considered by the consumer in the first instance. This view may be supported by the reported wide uptake of the I-Phone from telecoms companies (Frommer 2007, Lomas 2008). 4.0 Impact upon value chain activities – Pro-forma C 4.1 Sales As a mass market consumer product sales of the I-Pod are driven through two main channels the traditional retail channel in high street chains such as Currys, PC World and HMV. Secondly Apple also markets through what may be seen as an alternative distribution channel in the form of the web (Jobber 2007), in such instances Apple uses established web marketers such as Amazon as well as offering its own direct sales via the companies online store apple.com. As such the companys sales activities may be seen as largely those processes which are aimed at persuading retailers to give the product shelf space in greater proportion than is given to rival products (Sullivan and Adcock 2002). 4.2 Billing and accounts In most instances the impact of the customer values on Apple in relation to billing and accounts are minimal given that a large volume of sales will go through retail chancels for which Apple will have standardised trade terms and conditions with the relev ant retailer which may be a high street or online distributor. The exception to this comes firstly in the direct sales for which Apple engages from its online store for which the company must adapt to be able to make sales in single unit format thus having a fragmented cash collection system in relation to larger block retail sales. There is the consideration that such single unit sales add significant costs in banking and transactional costs (Business Link 2010) for Apple were such sales take place however this may be offset by the ability to charge at the full retail rather than a trade price. In addition whilst this portfolio is specially concerned with the I-Pod as a product there has to be the recognition that the I-Tunes offering is an integral part of the product for which the impact of billing and accounts has a stronger direct link between Apple and the consumer. In relation to I-Tunes Apple has adapted its value chain to function on a pre-paid account basis. The c onsumer is able to set up an account directly with Apple online for which there are then a number of pre-paid options including uploading credit directly via a card or buy purchasing a pre-paid credit from a store which is then activated similarly to those used in the pre-paid phone market. Such a system may be seen as beneficial to both Apple and the consumer, in using such a pre-paid option Apple ensures a higher level of cash flow than the company might have otherwise experienced under another model. From a customer value perspective Apples deployment of a system similar to pre-paid mobile phone top ups gives the consumer a payment method for which they already have a great level of familiarity with this adding value in the form of reducing transactional complexity. 4.3 Customer information Apple may be seen as facing a dilemma on the level of consumer information which the company needs to provide in relation to its product. As a technical product the I-Pod needs to give consumers a minimum level of information so as to ensure that the sale of a product meets their needs. Despite this need there is also the consideration that providing too much technical information could lead to an information overload for the consumer thus detracting value and ultimately losing Apple sales in the long run. As such Apple may be seen as managing the distribution of such information in a relatively effective way by issuing what may be seen as the minimum requirements on marketing materials such as the web store and packaging and then entering greater detailed information in the relevant product documents which accompany the product for those who need it. 4.4 Procurement and production Procurement and production may be seen as one of the significant failings of the I-Pod in relation to the relationship between consumer values and Apples value chain. Whilst on the one hand consumers have demonstrated a desire for attributes in the product which are not related to price Apple has non the less used production and procurement techniques which are largely aimed at lowering the companies costs as far as possible. As such the company has been criticised for the use of overseas labour in unacceptable conditions (Business Week 2009) and the use of poor quality materials (MACNN 2006). As a product which is marketed as a premium product with high prices passed on to the consumer for contemporary theology this would appear to be a poor strategic decision on the behalf of Apple for which the only motive may be seen as the consideration of short term profits. 4.5 Customer support As a high value purchase customer support may be seen as an integral part of any such offering so as to reduce the prospect of post purchase dissonance (Brassington and Pettitt 2007, Jobber 2007). Apple may be seen as offering support for the I-Pod product in a number of ways. In the first instance there company offers the traditional considerations associ ated with customer support, the Apple main web page offers access to a number of levels of support. At the first stage Apple offers what may be seen as â€Å"self service† support in which the consumer is able to access frequently asked questions, tutorials and download replacement manuals. At the next level of valued added support the company offers a telephone service which is charged at a standard call rate. Finally there are the full value adds support services and include extended warranties as well as exchange and repair possibilities. Whilst customer support is often considered as having an association with problems be they related to problems with the actual product or the consumers technical inability to work the product there should also be a consideration of how a company supports a consumer in getting the most out of their product. A key value adding area when such levels of support are considered are the bolt on extras which come in the form of the I-Tune s system and downloadable upgrades thus adding significant value for the consumer from a support perspective. Appendix of research Research methods: This section will now outline the research methods which were used in the project before going on to give the relevant samples. Interviews: A series of five interviews were used to gather highly qualitative data to be used in the project. The researcher is presented with a number of methods of interviewing ranging from the fully structured interview with a set series of questions to the informal interview with little structure. The advantages of the first method are that the researcher is assured of having answers to a predetermined set of questions at the end of the interview. Despite this is there is the consideration that such an approach is inflexible and does not allow the interviewer to explore areas of interest which may arise during the process. On the other hand the completely informal interview may be seen as having the opposite qualities, the advantage of such a method is the broad flexibility of approach which allows the interviewer and interviewee to explore any number of possibilities. Despite such flexibility there is the consideration that such a method may lead to the gathering of a large amount of irrelevant data thus creating a wasted opportunity for the researcher. As such the researcher in this case has opted for a hybrid method using the semi-structured interview, as such the interviewees were given a series of themes rather than questions to discuses thus allowing both flexibility but giving an overall structure to the interview. The themes for the interviews were largely based upon the Pro-formas and consisted of the following discussions: What is the nature of value for any product? What are the physical attributes of value for a portable music player/I-pod? What are the non-physical attributes of value for a portable music player/I-Pod? (Prompt brand, lifestyle etc if unsure) The value of service/support The value of business ethics on a product General discussion about rival and substitute products and there values Interviews were conducted in a public place and lasted around 15 minutes in duration each. Questionnaires: Questionnaires were used in this research project so as to ascertain information in a quantitative format, whilst qualitative data allows the researcher to explore a given area of interest at an in depth level quantitative data is much more useful in identifying statistical trends over a wider sample of people than could be achieved from the use of interviewing in the time scales involved. In constructing the questionnaires the relevant pro-formers were used again as the basis for the division of the questions as this was the same method used in the analysis of the themes to be explored in the interview section the researcher has been able to validate the research further by comparing the results of both the questionnaires and the interviews which largely highlighted similar themes and trends in relation to consumer values. Each questioner was issued and completed on the spot by willing participants after confirming the qualification of either owning or intending to own an I- Pod or competitor product in the next 12 months. Questionnaire example: 1. When considering â€Å"value† which of the following are important (pick up to 2): Price Physical Attributes Reputation Brand Perception of others 2. When considering â€Å"value† in relation to a portable music devise what are the important factors (Tick all that apply): Price Lightweight construction Durability User-friendly technology Storage capacity Street creditability Compatibility with other systems Ability to use as part of another activity eg running Customer support Other (Please state)______________ 3. When considering â€Å"value† in relation specify to the I-Pod please indicate which elements you believe the product delivers value on (Tick all that apply): Price Lightweight construction Durability User-friendly technology Storage capacity Street creditability Compatibility with other systems Ability to use as part of another activity eg running Customer support Other (Please state)______________ 4. When considering â€Å"v alue† in relation specify to the I-Pod please indicate which elements you believe the product fails to deliver value on (Tick all that apply): Price Lightweight construction Durability User-friendly technology Storage capacity Street creditability Compatibility with other systems Ability to use as part of another activity eg running Customer support Other (Please state)______________ 5. Please give any other comments you feel relevant to the value for which you perceive in relation to either the I-Pod or a rival portable music product offering. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sampling techniques: Having constructed the relevant questionnaires and inte rviews it is necessary to consider whom to distribute the questionnaires amongst and whom would be a relevant candidate for interviewing. As such those to be included in the research may be referred to as a sample, the fairest way to gain unbiased data may be to conduct a random sample. In a random sample is one in which a selection of the population at large is used for the purpose of the research method regardless of any qualification or demographic consideration such as age, gender or ethnic background. However since this project is specifically associated with a given product the I-Pod in this case there is the consideration that the data collected from such a wide proportion of the population including many who may have no interaction with the product may produce irrelevant data thus skewing the results further down the line. As such the researcher has decided to limit the sample using a random sample but with the qualification that the participant must either own an I-Po d or similar product or be considering the purchase of an I-Pod or similar product within the next 12 months. This method of sampling will be used for both the issue of the questionnaires as well as the selection of candidates for the interview process. 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